Goldenseal, Berberine

Goldenseal is one of the five top-selling herbal products in the United States. However, there is little scientific evidence about its safety or effectiveness. Goldenseal can be found in dietary supplements, eardrops, feminine cleansing products, cold/flu remedies, allergy remedies, laxatives, and digestive aids.
Goldenseal is often found in combination with echinacea in treatments for upper respiratory infections, and is suggested to enhance the effects of echinacea. However, the effects when these agents are combined are not scientifically proven.
Goldenseal has been used by some people due to the popular notion that detection of illegal drugs in urine may be hidden by use of the herb, although scientific information is limited in this area.
The popularity of goldenseal has led to a higher demand for the herb than growers can supply. This high demand has led to the substitution of other isoquinoline alkaloid-containing herbs, such as Chinese goldthread ( Coptis chinensis Fransch.) and Oregon grape ( Mahonia aquifolium [Pursh] Nutt.), that do not contain exactly the same isoquinoline alkaloids, and may not affect the body in the same way as goldenseal.
Studies of the effectiveness of goldenseal are limited to one of its main chemical ingredients, berberine salts (there are few published human studies of goldenseal itself). Due to the small amount of berberine actually present in most goldenseal preparations (0.5-6%), it is difficult to extend the research of berberine salts to the use of goldenseal. Therefore, there is not enough scientific evidence to support the use of goldenseal in humans for any medical condition.

Synonyms

BBR, berberine bisulfate, curcuma, eye balm, eye root, golden root, goldensiegel, goldsiegel, ground raspberry, guldsegl, hydrastidis rhizoma, hydrophyllum, Indian dye, Indian paint, Indian plant, Indian turmeric, jaundice root, kanadische gelbwurzel, kurkuma, Ohio curcuma, orange root, tumeric root, warnera, wild curcuma, wild turmeric, yellow eye, yellow Indian plant, yellow paint, yellow paint root, yellow puccoon, yellow root, yellow seal, yellow wort.
Note: Goldenseal is sometimes referred to as "Indian turmeric" or "curcuma," but should not be confused with turmeric ( Curcuma longa Linn.).

Evidence

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence

Chloroquine-resistant malaria
A small amount of research reports that berberine, a chemical found in goldenseal, may be beneficial in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria when used in combination with pyrimethamine. Due to the very small amount of berberine found in most goldenseal preparations, it is unclear whether goldenseal contains enough berberine to have these effects. In addition, the available studies have not been well designed. More research is needed before a recommendation can be made.
Common cold / upper respiratory tract infection
Goldenseal has become a popular treatment for the common cold and upper respiratory tract infections, and is often added to echinacea in commercial herbal cold remedies. Animal and laboratory research suggests that the goldenseal component berberine has effects against bacteria and inflammation. However, due to the very small amount of berberine in most goldenseal preparations, it is unclear whether goldenseal contains enough berberine to have the same effects. Currently, there are no reliable human studies of goldenseal or berberine in the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
Heart failure
One study suggests that berberine in addition to a standard prescription drug regimen for chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) may improve quality of life, and decrease ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) and mortality. Further research is needed to confirm these results.
High cholesterol
Based on early animal and human study, berberine (BBR), a compound isolated from a Chinese herb, may lower cholesterol and triglycerides with a mechanism of action different from that of statin drugs.
Immune system stimulation
Goldenseal is sometimes suggested to be an immune system stimulant. However, there is little human or laboratory evidence in this area. More research is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Infectious diarrhea
In several animal and small human studies, berberine has been used as a treatment for diarrhea caused by bacterial infections (including diarrhea from cholera). However, most of this research has not been well designed, and results have been unclear. Due to the very small amount of berberine in most goldenseal products, it is unclear whether goldenseal contains enough berberine to have the same effects. Therefore, there is currently not enough scientific evidence to make a recommendation in this area.
Narcotic concealment (urine analysis)
It has been suggested that taking goldenseal can hide the presence of illegal drugs from urine tests. However, there is limited research to support this idea. One study from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, looked at marijuana and cocaine use, and suggested that goldenseal probably does not have this effect.
Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatosis eye infection)
Animal and laboratory research suggests that the goldenseal component berberine has effects against bacteria and inflammation. Several poorly designed human studies report benefits of berberine used in the eye to treat trachoma. Better research is needed before a recommendation can be made.

Uses based on tradition or theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Abnormal heart rhythms, acne, AIDS, alcoholic liver disease, anal fissures, anesthetic, antibacterial, anticoagulant (blood "thinning"), antifungal, anti-heparin, antihistamine, anti-inflammatory, astrocytoma, atherosclerosis ("hardening" of the arteries), anxiety, appetite stimulant, arthritis, asthma, athlete's foot, bile flow stimulant, blood circulation stimulant, boils, bronchitis, cancer, candida yeast infections, canker sores, cervicitis, chemotherapy adjuvant, chicken pox, chronic fatigue syndrome, colitis (intestinal inflammation), conjunctivitis, constipation, Crohn's disease, croup, cystic fibrosis, cystitis, dandruff, deafness, diabetes mellitus, diarrhea, digestion problems, diphtheria, diuretic (increasing urine flow), eczema, enhancement of insulin effects, eyewash, fever, fistula problems, flatulence (gas), gallstones, gangrene, gastroenteritis, genital disorders, giardia infection, gingivitis, glioblastoma, headache,H. pyloriinfection, hemorrhage (bleeding), hemorrhoids, hepatitis, herpes, hiatal hernia, high blood pressure, high tyramine levels, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels), impetigo, inducing (causing) abortion, indigestion, infections, influenza, itching, jaundice, keratitis (inflammation of the cornea of the eye), leishmaniasis, liver disorders, lupus, menstruation problems, morning sickness, mouthwash, muscle pain, muscle spasm, night sweats, obesity, osteoporosis, otorrhea (fluid from the ear), pain, pneumonia, premenstrual syndrome, prostatitis, psoriasis, sciatica, seborrhea, sedative, sinusitis, stomach ulcers, stimulant, strep throat, syphilis, tetanus, thrombocytopenia (low blood platelets), thrush, tinnitis (ringing in the ears), tonsillitis, tooth disease, trichomoniasis, tuberculosis, urinary tract disorders, uterus inflammation, uterus stimulant, vaginal irritation, varicose veins.

Dosing

The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.
Standardization
Standardization involves measuring the amount of certain chemicals in products to try to make different preparations similar to each other. It is not always known if the chemicals being measured are the "active" ingredients. An analysis of several goldenseal products found large differences in the amounts of chemicals thought to be active (berberine and hydrastine). Some sources note standardization of goldenseal to isoquinoline alkaloids (5% to 10% total alkaloids, including hydrastine, berberine, and canadine).
Adults (18 years and older)
Goldenseal dosing: For general use, various types of goldenseal dosing have been used, each taken by mouth three times daily, including 0.5 to 1 gram tablets or capsules, 0.3 to 1 milliliter of liquid/fluid extract (1:1 in 60% ethanol), 0.5 to 1 gram as a decoction, or 2 to 4 milliliters as a tincture (1:10 in 60% ethanol).
Berberine dosing: For infectious diarrhea, 100 to 200 milligrams of berberine hydrochloride taken by mouth four times daily, or a single dose of 400 milligrams taken by mouth has been studied. Berberine sulfate is often used as well, and the hydrochloride and sulfate forms are generally thought to be equivalent.
Children (younger than 18 years)
There is not enough scientific evidence to safely recommend the use of goldenseal in children. Doses of 25 to 50 milligrams of berberine four times daily have been studied in children for the management of diarrhea, although safety has not been established.

Horsetail

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) has traditionally been used in Europe as an oral diuretic for the treatment of edema. The German Commission E expert panel has approved horsetail for this indication. Horsetail is also occasionally used for osteoporosis, nephrolithiasis, urinary tract inflammation, and wound healing (topical). These uses have largely been based on anecdote and clinical tradition, rather than scientific evidence.
There is preliminary human evidence supporting the use of horsetail as a diuretic. One poorly designed human trial found horsetail to effectively raise bone density equally to calcium supplements.
In theory (based on mechanism of action), horsetail ingestion in large amounts may cause thiamine deficiency, hypokalemia, or nicotine toxicity. Reported adverse effects include dermatitis.

Synonyms

Bottle brush, cola de caballo, common horsetail, common scouring rush, corncob plant, corn horsetail, Dutch rush, field horsetail, horse willow, horsetail grass, horsetail rush, mokuzoku, mokchok, muzei ( E. hymale ), paddock pipes, pewterwort, prele, pribes des champs, running clubmoss, Schachtelhalm, scouring rush, Shenjincao, shave grass, toadpipe, Wenjing, Zinnkraut.
Crude drugs derived from Equisetum arvense include Wenjing, Jiejiecao, and Bitoucai.
Note: Equisetum arvense should not be confused with members of the genus Laminaria, kelp, or brown alga, for which "horsetail" has been used as a synonym.

Evidence

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence

Diuresis (increased urine)
Use of horsetail dates to ancient Roman and Greek medicine. The name Equisetum is derived from equus, "horse" and seta, "bristle." Preliminary human and laboratory research suggests that horsetail may increase the amount of urine produced by the body. More studies are needed to determine if horsetail is safe or useful for specific health conditions.
Osteoporosis (weakening of the bones)
Silicon may be beneficial for bone strengthening. Because horsetail contains silicon, it has been suggested as a possible natural treatment for osteoporosis. Preliminary human study reports benefits, but more detailed research is needed before a firm recommendation can be made. People with osteoporosis should speak with a qualified healthcare provider about possible treatment with more proven therapies.

Uses based on tradition or theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Antioxidant, antibacterial, antioxidant, astringent, bladder disturbances, bleeding, brittle fingernails, cancer, cosmetics, cystic ulcers, diabetes, dropsy, fever, fluid in the lungs, frostbite, gonorrhea, gout, hair loss, hepatitis, itch, kidney disease, kidney stones, leg swelling, liver protection, malaria, menstrual pain, nosebleeds, prostate inflammation, styptic (to stop bleeding cuts on the skin), Reiter's syndrome, rheumatism, stomach upset, thyroid disorders, tuberculosis, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection (UTI), urinary tract inflammation, wound healing.

Dosing

The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.
Standardization
Standardization involves measuring the amount of certain chemicals in products to try to make different preparations similar to each other. It is not always known if the chemicals being measured are the "active" ingredients. There is no widely recognized standardization for horsetail products. Standardization may be difficult, as approximately 25 species of Equisetum exist, and it is often difficult to differentiate between species. In Europe, the silicon content in horsetail may be less than 15%. Some experts recommend that horsetail should be standardized to 10% silicon per dose.
Adults (18 years and older)
Recommended doses for horsetail are based on historical use or expert opinion. There are no reliable studies in humans that show horsetail to be effective or safe at any specific dose.
By Mouth:
Tablets/Capsules: Different doses have been used, starting at 300 milligram capsules taken three times per day, up to 6 grams per day.
Tea: A maximum of 6 cups of tea, containing 1.5 grams of dried stem in one cup of hot water, is a dose that has been used.
Tincture(1:1 in 25% alcohol): 1 to 4 milliliters three times daily has been used.
Applied to the skin:
External wash: A wash prepared by mixing 10 teaspoons of horsetail in cold water and soaking for 10 to 12 hours has been used.
Children (younger than 18 years)
There is not enough scientific information to recommend the use of horsetail in children. Poisonings have been reported in children using horsetail stems as whistles.

Lavender

Lavender is native to the Mediterranean, the Arabian Peninsula, Russia, and Africa. It has been used cosmetically and medicinally throughout history. In modern times, lavender is cultivated around the world and the fragrant oils of its flowers are used in aromatherapy, baked goods, candles, cosmetics, detergents, jellies, massage oils, perfumes, powders, shampoo, soaps, and tea. English lavender ( L. angustifolia ) is the most common species of lavender used, although other species are in use, including Lavandula burnamii, L. dentate, L. dhofarensis, L. latifolia, and L. stoechas.
Many people find lavender aromatherapy to be relaxing, and it has been reported to have anxiolytic effects in several small, methodologically flawed trials. Overall, the weight of the evidence suggests a small positive effect, although additional data from well-designed studies are required before the evidence can be considered strong.
Lavender aromatherapy is also used as a hypnotic, although there is insufficient evidence in support of this use.
Small phase I human trials of the lavender constituent perillyl alcohol (POH) for cancer have suggested safety and tolerability (up to 1200mg/m2four times/day), although efficacy has not been demonstrated.

Uses based on scientific evidence

Anxiety (lavender aromatherapy)
Lavender aromatherapy is traditionally used for relaxation. It is reported to help relieve anxiety in several small studies, although negative results have also been reported. Better research is needed before a strong recommendation can be made.
Agitated behavior (lavender aromatherapy)
Small studies of patients with severe dementia in nursing homes have found that lavender aromatherapy (2% administered for 2 hours) or pinning a cloth with the oil on it to the patient may help to decrease agitated behavior. Further well-designed studies are needed in this area before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Alopecia/hair loss (lavender used on the skin)
Small randomized controlled trials have shown that patients who massage essential oils (thyme, rosemary, lavender and cedarwood) into their scalps daily showed more improvement than the control group. More research of lavender alone is need before a recommendation can be made.
Antibacterial (lavender used on the skin)
Early laboratory studies suggest that lavender oils may have antibiotic activity.However, this has not been well tested in animal or human studies.
Cancer (perillyl alcohol)
Animal studies report that perillyl alcohol (POH), derived from lavender, might be beneficial in the treatment of some types of cancer. This research has focused on cancers of the pancreas, breast, and intestine. Preliminary small studies in humans suggest safety and tolerability of POH, but effectiveness has not been established.
Dementia
Small randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of lavender aromatherapy on agitation and behavior in patients with Alzheimer's dementia report conflicting results. Further well-designed studies are needed before a conclusion can be drawn.
Depression
Preliminary research suggests that lavender may be helpful as an adjunct to prescription antidepressant medications. A small randomized clinical trial found that using a lavandula tincture with the prescription drug imipramine was more effective than either therapy alone at treating mild to moderate depression. Additional research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Ear pain
A small clinical trial used a naturopathic eardrop called NHED (containing allium sativum, verbascum thapsus, calendula flores, hypericum perfoliatum, lavender and vitamin E in olive oil) at a does of 5 drops three times a day with and without an antibiotic and topical anesthetic. It was found that the ear pain was self-limiting and resolved after a few days with or without antibiotics. This evidence is preliminary and further research is needed before any conclusion about this treatment can be made.
Hypnotic/sleep aid (lavender aromatherapy)
Lavender aromatherapy is often promoted as a sleep aid. Although early evidence suggests possible benefits, more research is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Overall wellbeing (lavender used in a bath)
Preliminary evidence has shown that 20% lavender oil in combination with 80% grapeseed oil used in a bath may help to increase overall wellbeing, and decrease anger and frustration. Lavender oil used as aromatherapy has also been shown to increase overall mood. Further well-designed research is needed to confirm these results.
Pain (lavender aromatherapy)
Preliminary research suggests that the impression of pain intensity and unpleasantness may be reduced after treatment with lavender therapy. Other research has shown that lavender aromatherapy may be effective when used with acupressure for short term relief of lower back pain. Further research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.
Perineal discomfort after childbirth (lavender added to bath)
Lavender has been evaluated as an additive to bathwater to relieve pain in the perineal area (between the vagina and anus) in women following birth. Preliminary poor-quality research reports no benefits. Better research is needed before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
Eczema
In a small clinical trial essential oils were used in combination with massage to treat childhood atopic eczema. The subjects were massaged with a mixture of essential oils, including lavender, for a period of 8 weeks. It was found that there was deterioration in the patient's eczema, which may have been due to a possible allergic contact dermatitis provoked by the essential oils themselves. More study of the effect of lavender essential oil alone is needed before any firm conclusions can be made.

Uses based on tradition or theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Acne, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, appetite stimulant, arthritis, asthma, bronchitis, burn treatment, carpal tunnel syndrome, circulation problems, colic, common cold, decrease in heart rate, diabetes, diuretic, dizziness, douche, exercise recovery, fatigue, fever, gas, hangover, heartburn, HIV, indigestion, infertility, insect repellent, lice, low blood pressure, menopause, menstrual period problems, migraine headache, minor burns, motion sickness, muscle spasm, nausea, neuroprotection, parasites/worms, psychosis, seizures/epilepsy, snake repellent, sores, sprains, tension headache, toothache, varicose veins, vomiting, wound healing.
Dosing
The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.
Adults (18 years and older)
Lavender tea: 1 to 2 teaspoons (5 to 10 grams) of leaves steeped in 1 cup (250 milliliters) of boiling water for 15 minutes is a dose that has been used.
Lavender inhalation (aromatherapy): A technique that has been used is to place 2 to 4 drops in 2 to 3 cups of boiling water, and vapors can be inhaled. This can be repeated daily or as needed. Lavender aromatherapy (2% administered for 2 hours) or pinning a cloth with the oil on it to the person has been used to decrease agitated behavior.
Lavender bath additive: To reduce perineal discomfort after childbirth, 6 drops of lavender oil have been added to a bath. Another technique is to add 1/4 to 1/2 cup of dried lavender flowers to hot bath water. 20% lavender oil in combination with 80% grapeseed oil has been used in a bath to help increase overall wellbeing, and decrease anger and frustration.
Lavender massage therapy: A technique that has been used is to add 1 to 4 drops of lavender oil per tablespoon of base massage oil.
Lavender tincture: 60 drops of lavender tincture (1:5 in 50% alcohol) per day has been used.
Eardrops: A small clinical trial used a naturopathic eardrop called NHED (contains allium sativum, verbascum thapsus, calendula flores, hypericum perfoliatum, lavender and vitamin E in olive oil) at a dose of 5 drops three times a day with and without an antibiotic and topical anesthetic.
Perillyl alcohol (POH): Early cancer studies report doses of 800 to 1200 milligrams per square meter of body surface, taken by mouth, four times daily in a 50:50 POH: soybean oil preparation.
Children (younger than 18 years)
There is not enough scientific evidence to safely recommend lavender for children.

Safety

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.
Allergies
People with allergies to lavender may experience skin irritation after contact, and should avoid lavender in all forms.
Side Effects and Warnings
Mild rash can develop after applying lavender oil. Reports describe increased sun sensitivity and changes in skin pigmentation after applying products containing lavender oil. Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation, headache, chills, confusion and drowsiness are sometimes reported after inhaling lavender or absorbing it through the skin, or after large doses of lavender (more than 5 grams daily) or perillyl alcohol (derived from lavender) are taken by mouth. The essential oil of lavender may be poisonous if taken by mouth.
Drowsiness can occur after lavender aromatherapy. More severe drowsiness or sedation may occur when lavender is used with other sedating agents. Use caution if driving or operating heavy machinery. In theory, lavender used by mouth may increase the risk of bleeding. Individuals with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase bleeding should use caution. Dosing adjustments may be necessary.
Some cancer patients have experienced low blood cell counts (neutropenia) after taking high doses of perillyl alcohol by mouth.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Lavender is not recommended during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Interactions

Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.
Interactions with Drugs
Animal studies suggest that lavender used as aromatherapy or by mouth may increase the amount of drowsiness caused by some drugs. Examples include benzodiazepines such as lorazepam (Ativan®) or diazepam (Valium®), barbiturates such as phenobarbital, narcotics such as codeine, some antidepressants, and alcohol. Drowsiness caused by some seizure medicines may also be increased. Caution is advised while driving or operating machinery.
In theory, lavender may add to the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs.
Lavender may have additive effects when used with prescription antidepressant medications, such as the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine.
Interactions with Herbs and Dietary Supplements
Lavender used as aromatherapy or by mouth may increase the amount of drowsiness caused by some herbs or supplements. Examples of herbs that may cause sedation include calamus, calendula, California poppy, capsicum, catnip, celery, couch grass, dogwood, elecampane, German chamomile, goldenseal, gotu kola, hops, kava (may help sleep without drowsiness), lemon balm, sage, sassafras, skullcap, shepherd's purse, Siberian ginseng, St. John's wort, stinging nettle, valerian, wild carrot, wild lettuce, withania root, and yerba mansa. Caution is advised while driving or operating machinery.
In theory, lavender may add to the cholesterol-lowering effects of some herbs or supplements such as fish oil, garlic, guggul, and niacin.

Seaweed, Kelp, Bladderwrack

Fucus vesiculosus is a brown seaweed that grows on the northern coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and the North and Baltic seas. Its name is sometimes used for Ascophyllum nodosum, which is another brown seaweed that grows alongside Fucus vesiculosus. These species are often included in kelp preparations along with other types of seaweed.
The Vietnamese consume seaweed as food in various forms: raw as salad and vegetable, pickle with sauce or with vinegar, relish or sweetened jellies and also cooked for vegetable soup. As herbal medicine, seaweed is has been used for traditional cosmetics, treatments for cough, asthma, hemorrhoid, boils, goiters, stomach ailments, urinary diseases, reducing the incidence of tumors, ulcers and headaches. Although Vietnam has an abundance of algae floral with total number of species is estimated to be nearly 1000 species of which there are 638 species of marine algae identified.

Synonyms

Black-tang, bladder, bladder fucus, Blasen-tang, brown algae, common seawrack, cut weed, Dyers fucus, edible seaweed, fucoidan, fucoxantin, Fucus, green algae, Hai-ts'ao, kelp, kelpware, knotted wrack, Meereiche, Quercus marina, popping wrack, red algae, red fucus, rockrack, rockweed, schweintang, sea kelp, sea oak, seetang, seaware, seaweed, sea wrack, swine tang, tang, Varech vesiculeux, vraic, wrack.

Evidence

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence

Antibacterial/antifungal
Laboratory study suggests antifungal and antibacterial activity of bladderwrack. However, there are no reliable human studies to support use as an antibacterial or antifungal agent.
Anticoagulant (blood-thinner)
Laboratory study has found anticoagulant properties in fucans or fucoidans, which are components of brown algae such as bladderwrack. However, there are no human studies to support this use.
Antioxidant
Laboratory study suggests antioxidant activity in fucoidans, which are components in some brown algae. However, there are no human studies to support use as an antioxidant.
Cancer
Several brown algae, including bladderwrack ( Fucus vesiculosus ), appear to suppress the growth of various cancer cells in animal and laboratory studies. However, currently there are no reliable human studies to support a recommendation for use in cancer.
Diabetes
Based on animal research, extracts of bladderwrack may lower blood sugar levels. However, there are no reliable human studies to support a recommendation for use in hyperglycemic conditions, such as diabetes.
Goiter (thyroid disease)
Bladderwrack contains variable levels of iodine (up to 600 micrograms of iodine per gram of bladderwrack). As a result, it has been used to treat thyroid disorders such as goiter. Although there are case reports of seaweed/kelp products causing hyperthyroidism, there have not been studies of dosing, safety, or efficacy, and there is no widely accepted standardization of iodine content for these products. While the evidence does suggest thyroid activity, there is not enough research to support this use of bladderwrack.
Weight loss
Bladderwrack and other seaweed products are often marketed for weight-loss. Theoretically, thyroid stimulation from bladderwrack may increase metabolism and cause weight loss. However, safety and effectiveness have not been studied in humans.

Uses based on tradition or theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Antiviral, atherosclerosis, arthritis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), bladder inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, colon cancer, eczema, edema, enlarged glands, fatigue, heart disease, hair loss, heartburn, herpes simplex virus, high cholesterol, hormone dependent cancers, kidney disease, laxative, lymphadenoid goiter, lymphoma, malnutrition, menstruation irregularities, obesity, parasites, psoriasis, radiation protection, rheumatism, sore throat, stool softener, stomach upset, swollen or painful testes, ulcer, urinary tract tonic.

Dosing

The below doses are based on scientific research, publications, traditional use, or expert opinion. Many herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested, and safety and effectiveness may not be proven. Brands may be made differently, with variable ingredients, even within the same brand. The below doses may not apply to all products. You should read product labels, and discuss doses with a qualified healthcare provider before starting therapy.
Standardization
Standardization involves measuring the amount of certain chemicals in products to try to make different preparations similar to each other. It is not always known if the chemicals being measured are the "active" ingredients. There is no known standardization for bladderwrack. Because of the potential contamination of bladderwrack with heavy metals, its consumption should always been considered potentially unsafe.
Adults (18 years and older)
General use (by mouth): Soft capsules (alcohol extract) in doses of 200 to 600 milligrams daily have been used. Tablets have also been used, initially taken 3 times per day and gradually increased to 24 tablets per day. 16 grams of bruised plant mixed with one pint of water has been used, administered in 2 fluid ounce doses 3 times per day, or an alcoholic liquid extract in a dose of 4 to 8 milliliters before meals.
Patch: Bladderwrack and seaweed patches are sold commercially as weight loss products, although there are no commonly accepted or tested doses.
Children (under 18 years old)
There is not enough scientific evidence to recommend safe use of bladderwrack in children. Because of the iodine content and potential for contamination with heavy metals, it may be inadvisable for use in children.

Tea Tree Oil

Turmeric and Curcumin

The rhizome (root) of turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) has long been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat gastrointestinal upset, arthritic pain, and "low energy." Laboratory and animal research has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties of turmeric and its constituent curcumin. Preliminary human evidence, albeit poor quality, suggests possible efficacy in the management of dyspepsia (heartburn), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), and scabies (when used on the skin). However, due to methodological weaknesses in the available studies, an evidence-based recommendation cannot be made regarding the use of turmeric or curcumin for any specific indication.

Evidence

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence

Cancer
Several early animal and laboratory studies report anti-cancer (colon, skin, breast) properties of curcumin. Many mechanisms have been considered, including antioxidant activity, anti-angiogenesis (prevention of new blood vessel growth), and direct effects on cancer cells. Currently it remains unclear if turmeric or curcumin has a role in preventing or treating human cancers. There are several ongoing studies in this area.
Dyspepsia (heartburn)
Turmeric has been traditionally used to treat stomach problems (like indigestion from a fatty meal). There is preliminary evidence that turmeric may offer some relief from these stomach problems. However, at high doses or with prolonged use, turmeric may actually irritate or upset the stomach. Reliable human research is necessary before a recommendation can be made.
Peptic ulcer disease (stomach ulcer)
Turmeric has been used historically to treat stomach and duodenal ulcers. However, at high doses or with prolonged use, turmeric may actually further irritate or upset the stomach. In animals, turmeric taken by mouth protects against ulcers caused by irritating drugs or chemicals, and increases protective mucus. Currently, there is not enough human evidence to make a firm recommendation, and well-designed studies comparing turmeric with standard medical therapies are needed.Notably, the bacteria H. pylori are a common cause of ulcers, and treatment for these bacteria should be considered by people with ulcers, in consultation with a qualified healthcare provider.
Gallstone prevention/bile flow stimulant
It has been said that there are fewer people with gallstones in India, which is sometimes credited to turmeric in the diet. Early animal studies report that curcumin, a chemical in turmeric, may decrease the occurrence of gallstones. Limited human research suggests that curcumin may stimulate squeezing (contraction) of the gallbladder and stimulate bile flow. However, reliable human studies are lacking in this area. The use of turmeric may be inadvisable in patients with active gallstones.
High cholesterol
Animal studies suggest that turmeric may lower levels of low-density lipoprotein ("bad cholesterol") and total cholesterol in the blood. Preliminary human research suggests a possible similar effect in people. Better human studies are needed before a recommendation can be made.
Inflammation
Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its constituent curcumin. Reliable human research is lacking.
Osteoarthritis
Turmeric has been used historically to treat rheumatic conditions. Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its constituent curcumin, which may be beneficial in people with osteoarthritis. Reliable human research is lacking.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Turmeric has been used historically to treat rheumatic conditions, and based on animal research may reduce inflammation. Reliable human studies are necessary before a recommendation can be made in this area.
Scabies
Historically, turmeric has been used on the skin to treat chronic skin ulcers and scabies. It has also been used in combination with the leaves of the herb Azadirachta indica ADR or "Neem." Preliminary research reports that this combination may help in treatment of scabies. It remains unclear if turmeric alone has beneficial effects. More research is necessary before a firm recommendation can be made.
HIV
Several laboratory studies suggest that curcumin, a component of turmeric, may have activity against HIV. However, reliable human studies are lacking in this area.
Uveitis (eye inflammation)
Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its constituent curcumin. A poorly designed human study suggests a possible benefit of curcumin in the treatment of uveitis. Reliable human research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.

Uses based on tradition or theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.
Alzheimer's disease, antifungal, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-venom, appetite stimulant, asthma, bleeding, bloating, boils, bruises, cataracts, cervical cancer, colic, contraception, cough, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, diarrhea, dizziness, increased sperm count/motility, epilepsy, gallstones, gas, gastric cancer, gonorrhea, heart damage from doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Doxil®), Helicobacter pylori-infected epithelial cells, hepatitis, hepatoprotection, high blood pressure, human papillomavirus (HPV), insect bites, insect repellent, jaundice, kidney disease, lactation stimulant, leprosy, liver protection, menstrual pain, menstrual period problems/lack of menstrual period, liver damage from toxins/drugs, multidrug resistance, neurodegenerative disorders, ovary cancer, pain, prostate cancer, parasites, ringworm, scarring, scleroderma.

Garlic and Heart Health

Garlic, believed by experts to be one of the oldest cultivated plants in history, carries with it an extensive list of diseases it is thought to be helpful in relieving. A major player in herbal medicine throughout the world, it has been used for a wide variety of conditions including dysentery, tuberculosis and influenza for at least five thousand years.

These days, however, we've "rediscovered" it for the treatment of two common, modern-day maladies: hypertension (high blood pressure) and hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol and related conditions). Both of these conditions contribute to an elevated risk for heart disease and strokes.

In truth, there are great medications available by prescription for both hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Those individuals severely afflicted probably need to be on one of them rather than relying on garlic or any herbal product to be effective enough to control their conditions. But many people have mildly elevated blood pressure and/or cholesterol, just the kind of condition for which garlic should be considered as an alternative to expensive prescription medication.

Scientists have studied garlic fairly extensively as it relates to the treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia and it seems to be effective in lowering blood pressure and cholesterol in individuals who take it on a regular basis. The active component of garlic is an amino acid called alliin which is further converted to allicin and other active metabolites. Any garlic you purchase should be standardized in the amount of allicin it contains.

As I mentioned, the studies on garlic as treatment for the above conditions are very good , however it is important to know that they didn't just use your average cloves of garlic off the grocery store shelf when conducting these studies. In fact, many of the clinical studies were done using Kwai, an encapsulated form of garlic containing standardized amounts of allicin. What this means is that it's difficult to say whether or not a couple of cloves of fresh garlic taken daily in your diet will be adequate to achieve the kind of results you may be looking for.

For this reason, I feel uncomfortable recommending anything other than Kwai or a similar standardized preparation. Each capsule of Kwai contains 150 milligrams of concentrated garlic (the equivalent of 450 milligrams of fresh clove) standardized to 900 micrograms of allicin. A total of four capsules daily are recommended.

Be sure to tell your healthcare provider if you are taking garlic as interactions between it and some blood thinners have been reported.